APPROXIMATE
CONVERSIONS
FROM STANDARD / US CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI / METRIC UNITS |
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SYMBOL
|
TO
CONVERT |
MULTIPLY BY
|
TO FIND
|
SYMBOL
|
LENGTH
|
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in
|
inches
|
25.4
|
millimeters
|
mm
|
Ft.
|
feet
|
0.305
|
meters
|
m
|
yd.
|
yards
|
0.914
|
meters
|
m
|
mi
|
miles
|
1.61
|
kilometers
|
km
|
AREA
|
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in2
|
square inches
|
645.2
|
square
millimeters |
mm2
|
ft2
|
square feet
|
0.093
|
square meters
|
m2
|
yd2
|
square yard
|
0.836
|
square meters
|
m2
|
ac
|
acres
|
0.405
|
hectares
|
ha
|
mi2
|
square miles
|
2.59
|
square
kilometers |
km2
|
VOLUME
|
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fl Oz
|
fluid ounces
|
29.57
|
milliliters
|
mL
|
gal
|
gallons
|
3.785
|
liters
|
L
|
ft3
|
cubic feet
|
0.028
|
cubic meters
|
m3
|
yd3
|
cubic yards
|
0.765
|
cubic meters
|
m3
|
MASS
|
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Oz
|
ounces
|
28.35
|
grams
|
g
|
lb.
|
pounds
|
0.454
|
kilograms
|
kg
|
T
|
Short tons
(2000 lb.) |
0.907
|
mega grams
(or "metric ton") |
Mg (or "t")
|
TEMPERATURE
|
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oF
|
Fahrenheit
|
(F-32) x (5/9)
OR (F-32) ÷ 1.8 |
Celsius
|
oC
|
ILLUMINATION
|
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fc
|
foot-candles
|
10.76
|
lux
|
lx
|
fl
|
foot-Lamberts
|
3.426
|
candela/m2
|
cd/m2
|
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
|
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lbf
|
pound force
|
4.45
|
newton
|
N
|
lbf/in2
|
pound force
per square inch |
6.89
|
kilopascals
|
kPa
|
Surface water ( i.e., rain water) that falls on the ground surface such as; open field, paved areas or road surface, roof tops etc are channeled to a main drain naturally or through a constructed channel which is referred to as drainage. Procedure for construction of a common drainage (trench) (1m x 1m U drainage) (reinforced). includes; I. Marking Of Alignment: The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug. II. Digging/Excavation: The surveyor marked out the dept of the trench to be excavated with a mechanical excavating machine. For a 1m x 1m drainage, the mathematical process of obtaining the required dept is to sum together the dept of the required drain + base + blinding. For dept: A drain of dept1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm. Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m) So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the road surface. For width:
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