Transportation Modes around you and their Functions.

Transportation is usually classified by the medium in which the movement occurs such as by land, air or pipeline within each of the first three media. May different methods are used to move people and goods from one place to another pipelines are used mainly transport liquid or gasses over long distances.

Therefore transportation modes and their functions include the following:

(i) Air ways/Aviation:

Air transportation system is moving passengers or goods by air via aircrafts. This is the fastest (second to rockets) method of transportation.

(ii) Land/Road ways:

Road are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy movement with or without any formal construction or maintenance. The most common road vehicle is the automobile

(iii) Railways:

Rail transport (surface, underground, light Rail transit) consist of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Container train have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported, regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas.

(iv) Waterways:

Water transportation (coastal shipping, international shipping, inland shipping) is movement by means of a watercraft such as barge, boat, ship or sail boat over a body of water such as sea, Ocean, Lake, Canal or river.

(v) Pipeline:

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly, liquid and gasses are sent.

(vi) Cable:

This is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables or ropes instead of an internal power source. These include aerial train way, elevators, escalator. Some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Each mode of transport has fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure. Vehicles and operations and often has unique regulations. Each mode also has separate sub-system. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part.

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Construction Procedure of Surface Road Side Drainage-PART 1 (with picture)

Surface water ( i.e., rain water) that falls on the ground surface such as; open field, paved areas or road surface, roof tops etc are channeled to a main drain naturally or through a constructed channel which is referred to as drainage. Procedure for construction of a common drainage (trench) (1m x 1m U drainage) (reinforced). includes; I. Marking Of Alignment: The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug. II. Digging/Excavation: The surveyor marked out the dept of the trench to be excavated with a mechanical excavating machine. For a 1m x 1m drainage, the mathematical process of obtaining the required dept is to sum together the dept of the required drain + base + blinding. For dept: A drain of dept1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm. Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m) So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the road surface. For width:

Construction Procedure of Surface Road Side Drainage-PART 2 (with picture)

V. Next step is laying of concrete base on the blinded surface and the positioned reinforcement. A concrete base of 150 mm is to be laid or cast on the blinded floor, concrete grade C20 of ratio 1:2:4 is allowed (See concrete grading and mix ratio). A guiding panel is placed into position to guild in the laying of the concrete base in order to achieve a uniformly alignment base edge, thickness and width, also to manage concrete material while pouring. The base is cast with the U shape reinforcement bottom in between the concrete base achieving concrete cover below and above. VI. After setting and drying of the concrete base, next is to position the side wall panel form work. The floor base is marked to give the required one meter (1000 mm) internal width where the panel will be positioned. The panel wall spacing is 100mm, and wall height of 1000mm (1 meter), the panel is lubricated, clipped and prepared to accept the Concrete.

Ring / Pipe Culverts Construction procedure

Culvert is an open/close drain structure that allows water to flow below a road. It’s like a tunnel carrying a stream of water flow. A Ring/Pipe Culvert Procedure for construction of a common Ring/Pipe Culvert (road junction culvert) includes; I. Marking Of Alignment: - The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug. II. Digging/Excavation: The surveyor marked out the dept of the culvert to be excavated with an excavating machine. For a 1m pipe culvert, the mathematical process of obtaining the required dept is to sum together the total width of the pipe + base + blinding. For dept: A pipe of width 1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm (though optional). . Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m) So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the natural ground (sub grade level) surface. For width: A minimum of (2.5 x width) m is advisable.

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