Portland Cement production.

Production of Portland cement starts with two basic materials; a Calcareous material and an Argillaceous material. The calcareous material is a calcium oxide, such as limestone, chalk, or oyster shells, the Argillaceous material is combination of alumina and silica obtainable from clay, shale, and blast furnace. the materials are passed through a grinding mill, using wet or dry process to the kiln. In the kiln, the raw materials are melted at temperature of 1400 oC to 1650 oC, changing the raw materials into Cement clinker which is then cooled and stored. The final process involved grinding the clinker into a fine powder, adding gypsum to regulate the setting time if the cement in the concrete.
The final product can be transported in stored bulk or sacks.

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Construction Procedure of Surface Road Side Drainage-PART 1 (with picture)

Surface water ( i.e., rain water) that falls on the ground surface such as; open field, paved areas or road surface, roof tops etc are channeled to a main drain naturally or through a constructed channel which is referred to as drainage. Procedure for construction of a common drainage (trench) (1m x 1m U drainage) (reinforced). includes; I. Marking Of Alignment: The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug. II. Digging/Excavation: The surveyor marked out the dept of the trench to be excavated with a mechanical excavating machine. For a 1m x 1m drainage, the mathematical process of obtaining the required dept is to sum together the dept of the required drain + base + blinding. For dept: A drain of dept1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm. Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m) So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the road surface. For width:

Construction Procedure of Surface Road Side Drainage-PART 2 (with picture)

V. Next step is laying of concrete base on the blinded surface and the positioned reinforcement. A concrete base of 150 mm is to be laid or cast on the blinded floor, concrete grade C20 of ratio 1:2:4 is allowed (See concrete grading and mix ratio). A guiding panel is placed into position to guild in the laying of the concrete base in order to achieve a uniformly alignment base edge, thickness and width, also to manage concrete material while pouring. The base is cast with the U shape reinforcement bottom in between the concrete base achieving concrete cover below and above. VI. After setting and drying of the concrete base, next is to position the side wall panel form work. The floor base is marked to give the required one meter (1000 mm) internal width where the panel will be positioned. The panel wall spacing is 100mm, and wall height of 1000mm (1 meter), the panel is lubricated, clipped and prepared to accept the Concrete.

Ring / Pipe Culverts Construction procedure

Culvert is an open/close drain structure that allows water to flow below a road. It’s like a tunnel carrying a stream of water flow. A Ring/Pipe Culvert Procedure for construction of a common Ring/Pipe Culvert (road junction culvert) includes; I. Marking Of Alignment: - The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug. II. Digging/Excavation: The surveyor marked out the dept of the culvert to be excavated with an excavating machine. For a 1m pipe culvert, the mathematical process of obtaining the required dept is to sum together the total width of the pipe + base + blinding. For dept: A pipe of width 1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm (though optional). . Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m) So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the natural ground (sub grade level) surface. For width: A minimum of (2.5 x width) m is advisable.

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